![]() ![]() The cause of the disease is referred to as its etiology (from the Greek word meaning the study of cause). Disease refers to a definable deviation from a normal phenotype (observable characteristics due to genome and environment), evident via patient complaints (symptoms), and/or the measurements of a careful observer (signs). Pathology (from the Greek word pathologĂa, meaning the study of suffering) refers to the specialty of medical science concerned with the cause, development, structural/functional changes, and natural history associated with diseases. The presentation of a disease to a clinician is in the form of a human patient with variably specific complaints (symptoms), to which the examining physicians can add diagnostic sensitivity and specificity by making observations (screening for signs of diseases). Pathogenesis can refer to the changes in the structure or function of an organism at the gross/clinical level and the stepwise molecular abnormalities leading to changes in cellular and tissue function. This stepwise process of disease development is referred to as its pathogenesis. ![]() Each disease entity develops through a series of mechanistic chemical and cellular steps. One disease entity can have more than one etiology, and one etiology can lead to more than one disease. The cause of the disease is referred to as its etiology. Pathology refers to the specialty of medical science concerned with the cause, development, structural/functional changes, and natural history associated with diseases. It describes some key terms, definitions, and concepts, presents historical human approaches to diseases, and provides an overview of current diagnostic practice and a vision for new interface with applied molecular biology. Please see our members' profiles for publication details.This chapter discusses the fundamental concepts, terminology, and practice of pathology as the discipline dedicated to the understanding of causes, mechanisms, and effects of diseases. Our research is published in leading peer-reviewed journals. This knowledge will allow novel targeted treatments can be developed and diagnostic tests to be improved. In both of these diseases there is a need to improve our understanding of how these diseases develop and to identify the key molecular players. colon and rectum) and, at this site, the major diseases are neoplastic disease (colorectal cancer) and inflammatory bowel disease. Our focus is mainly on the lower gastrointestinal tract (i.e. Gastrointestinal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western population. Our working hypothesis is that development of a modern clinically relevant classification system based on morphological and molecular genetic alterations will identify new targets for therapeutic development and improve patient management through improved prognostic information and therapeutic response prediction. The main research output of the Nottingham Breast Pathology Group is focused towards use of histological and molecular methods in diagnosis and clinical and basic research and specifically to improve the existing classification systems for breast disease. ![]()
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